・Bronze (copper/tin alloy) is easier to process and is harder than copper and is in high demand as a weapon, and freshly made bronze has a “dazzling golden color” and is also in high demand as a ceremonial tool; tin has few production areas and strategic value is comparable to today's petroleum; the production areas of tin are the Iberian Peninsula and the Cornwall Peninsula in England, and the Phoenicians expanded the maritime trade network up to this tin production area, and became the rulers of the Mediterranean trade (p39)
・The internal collapse of the Hittite Kingdom began in 1200 BC due to droughts and earthquakes, and as a result, commercial transactions between Egypt and Mycenae (Greece), which were trading partners, were sluggish, and the decline of major powers encouraged the rise and migration of neighboring peoples, and the movement of various ethnic groups such as people of the sea began, and the current Lehman shock (p45)
・The Grand Canal functions as the main artery of logistics in China, and the capitals of the Northern Song (Kaifeng) Southern Song (Lin'an = Hangzhou) Yuan (Dadu = Beijing) dynasties since Ming (Nanjing → Beijing) and Qing (Shengjing → Beijing) are all located in cities located along the Grand Canal (p71)
・In late antiquity, the region called Europe was divided in half by north and south, the “Roman Empire” in the south, and the northern border of the Roman Empire, which is the Rhine River and the Danube River (p89). The Western Roman Empire fell in 476, but it should be seen that the Western Roman Emperor became an “vacant position,” and maintained a lifeblood for 1000 years as the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire, capital = Constantinople = Istanbul) (p91) ) On Christmas in 800, Carl was crowned by the Western Roman Emperor, and the Western Roman Empire was revived, but it is completely different from what it used to be (p95)
・What established an exceptionally long-term administration in Germanic countries was that the founder of the kingdom, which was the Frankish Kingdom: Glovis converted to Athanasius (Nicene school) where Roman residents believe, made church clergymen (people who can read and write), and established a bureaucracy (tax collection system) (p92)
・In Charles's Western Roman Empire, Christianity (church organization) was placed at the core of national management, and by proselytizing Christianity, the six member countries (France, Italy, Germany, Germany, and Bell) of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community), which made it possible to absorb and expand more diverse ethnic groups than the Roman Empire (p95), are almost in line with Emperor Charles's Western Roman Empire (p96)
・The Vikings are roughly divided into 3:1) Danes (Denmark), 2) Norse (Norway), and 3) Swedes (Sweden) (p100) Russ (East Rolopa Slavs) advanced to the south, prospered with water trade centered on the Dnieper River, which led to the establishment of Kiev Rus (Grand Duchy of Kiev), and the trade route that relayed Scandinavia and the Eastern Roman Empire was called the “road from Valiag (Nordic people) to Greece (Eastern Roman Empire)” ( p101)
・The East-West split of the Roman Empire also led to the division of the Christian Empire, and both East and West associations are regarded as having split in the 11th century since the Roman Church obtained collaborators called the Kingdom of the Franks, and Roman Catholicism with the Pope at the top, Greek Orthodoxy with the Patriarch of Constantinople at the top, or Eastern Orthodoxy influenced by it (p103) The Elbe River becomes the boundary between east and western Europe (p104)
・What symbolizes medieval cities is the central square (= market) and castle walls, and the castle walls not only protect themselves from foreign enemies, but citizens living within the castle walls were people who were relatively elite in the community called the city, and those officially regarded as citizens were limited to urban aristocrats, wealthy merchants, and master craftsman builders, and they were allowed to attend city councilors, and later “came to be called bourgeois” (p111)
・The Middle Ages are the era of Christianity and decentralization, the modern era is an age of reason (science) and centralization, and the early modern period is an era of transformation from the Middle Ages to the present day (p119)
・For Europeans in the 15-16th century, “India” became a word indicating both Asia and the New Continent, so they were distinguished by reading it as “East India” since the original Asia is located east when viewed from Europe, and “West India” because the new continent is located westward (p123)
・The currency at that time was silver, and the increase in silver became an increase in the amount of money, the value of money fell and prices rose, and in Europe it continued to rise for 100 years. In addition to the increase in the circulation of silver, there is also a theory of rapid population growth, and production of crops etc. could not keep up with the increase in population, leading to a rise in prices (p125)
・King Carlos I of Spain in the 16th century became the Holy Roman Emperor (= Charles V), succeeded Austria, the Netherlands (3 Benelux countries today), Spain, and Italy, and when he abdicated, the eldest son Felipe II succeeded Spain, the Netherlands, and the New Continent, and his younger brother Fernando I succeeded the Holy Roman Emperor and Austria, thereby splitting into the Spanish Habsburg family and the Austrian Habsburg family ( p130)
・In the Holy Roman Empire, confrontation between Catholic and Protestant territories continued, and finally caused a major war in the 17th century, this was the Thirty Year War, which ended with the Treaty of Westphalia concluded in 1648, and a sovereign state system in Europe was established, and both obtained complete sovereignty, and the role of the Holy Roman Empire as a centralized nation and as a federation of nations became prominent (p140)
・At the end of the 17th century, when the Spanish Habsburg family was cut off, Austria gained Hungary by winning the Great Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th century, and it was a coalition of the same monarchs, and it was by no means unitary control of other regions by Austria (p143)
・In Russia, Ivan III achieved independence from Jochi Urus, became the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Ivan III recognized himself as the heir to the fallen Eastern Roman Empire and called himself the monarch “Touri,” which changed from the Eastern Roman Emperor (Caesar), and the capital Moscow called itself “the third Rome” as the center of Christian churches along with Rome and Little Stantinopolis (p144)
・The military draft system was strongly opposed by the public when the Gironde faction government (bourgeois support) was issued, but the revolutionary government, which was later officially institutionalized as a military draft system, stated that in order to obtain suffrage, military service should be performed in return (p165)
・Napoleon (1805), who conquered the German dominions with power, dismantled the Holy Roman Empire since Nakase and organized a coalition of German nations called the “Rhine Confederation” in 1815 (p168) When it became the Vienna system in 1815, a national confederation called the German Confederation was organized, and the previous 300 German dominions were reorganized into 35 monarchies and 4 free cities (= city-states that held sovereignty: Hamburg, Lübeck, Bremen, and Frankfurt) Ta (p173)
